ABSTRACT: This
study examines the phenomenon of the rise of populism in Latin America
that
occurred in the late 1990s until the 2000s. This phenomenon is
interesting because the
two previous decades the experts have claimed that populism in Latin
America has
"ended". By placing populism in political perspective, this study tried
to find out the
trigger of reemergence of populism in Latin America and found a pattern
of populism
that emerged in the late 1990s until the 2000s. This study found that
there are two main
things that trigger the reemergence of populism in Latin America. They
are the practice
of economic exclusion and political exclusion by the regime of
neoliberalism towards the lower social classes, and also the weak of
institutions (political parties and governments) in response to new
problems. The practice of economic and political exclusion by the regime
of neoliberalism provided an opportunity for the populist leaders to
mobilize the lower social classes in order to oppose the ruler. The loss
of the government’s capability to address the socioeconomic and
political crisis gives a chance to the populist leaders to overthrow the
regime of neoliberalism in order to achieve power. To achieve power,
there are two paths that the populist leaders have. First, build
alliances with the lower social classes that are not organized. This
pattern is called the irrational populism.
Second, build alliances with the lower social classes that are well
organized that are
called the rational populism. The first pattern is reflected in the case
of Chavez's rise to
power while the second pattern is reflected in the case of Lula,
Kirchner and Morales.
INTISARI: Penelitian
ini meneliti fenomena kebangkitan populisme di benua Amerika Latin yang
terjadi pada penghujung 1990-an hingga 2000-an. Fenomena ini menarik
karena dua
dekade sebelumnya para pakar populisme telah mengklaim bahwa populisme
di benua
Amerika Latin telah ”berakhir”. Dengan menempatkan populisme dalam
perspektif
politik, penelitian ini mencoba mencari tahu pemicu kemunculan kembali
populisme di
benua Amerika Latin dan menemukan pola populisme
